Paradigms | Multi-paradigm: Array, object-oriented, imperative, functional, procedural, reflective |
---|---|
Designed by | Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman |
Developer | R Core Team[1] |
First appeared | August 1993; 25 years ago[2] |
Stable release | 3.6.0 ('Planting of a Tree')[3] / April 26, 2019; 58 days ago |
Typing discipline | Dynamic |
License | GNU GPL v2[4] |
Filename extensions | .r, .R, .RData, .rds, .rda |
Website | www.r-project.org |
Influenced by | |
Influenced | |
Julia[5] | |
|
2+2
at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with 4, as shown below:[1]
indicates that the list of elements following it on the same line starts with the first element of the vector (a feature that is useful when the output extends over multiple lines).print
function that can print almost every class of object in R with a simple print(objectname)
syntax.[34]Release | Date | Description |
---|---|---|
0.16 | This is the last alpha version developed primarily by Ihaka and Gentleman. Much of the basic functionality from the 'White Book' (see S history) was implemented. The mailing lists commenced on April 1, 1997. | |
0.49 | 1997-04-23 | This is the oldest source release which is currently available on CRAN.[46] CRAN is started on this date, with 3 mirrors that initially hosted 12 packages.[47] Alpha versions of R for Microsoft Windows and the classic Mac OS are made available shortly after this version.[citation needed] |
0.60 | 1997-12-05 | R becomes an official part of the GNU Project. The code is hosted and maintained on CVS. |
0.65.1 | 1999-10-07 | First versions of update.packages and install.packages functions for downloading and installing packages from CRAN.[48] |
1.0 | 2000-02-29 | Considered by its developers stable enough for production use.[49] |
1.4 | 2001-12-19 | S4 methods are introduced and the first version for Mac OS X is made available soon after. |
1.8 | 2003-10-08 | Introduced a flexible condition handling mechanism for signalling and handling condition objects. |
2.0 | 2004-10-04 | Introduced lazy loading, which enables fast loading of data with minimal expense of system memory. |
2.1 | 2005-04-18 | Support for UTF-8 encoding, and the beginnings of internationalization and localization for different languages. |
2.11 | 2010-04-22 | Support for Windows 64 bit systems. |
2.13 | 2011-04-14 | Adding a new compiler function that allows speeding up functions by converting them to byte-code. |
2.14 | 2011-10-31 | Added mandatory namespaces for packages. Added a new parallel package. |
2.15 | 2012-03-30 | New load balancing functions. Improved serialisation speed for long vectors. |
3.0 | 2013-04-03 | Support for numeric index values 231 and larger on 64 bit systems. |
3.4 | 2017-04-21 | Just-in-time compilation (JIT) of functions and loops to byte-code enabled by default. |
3.5 | 2018-04-23 | Packages byte-compiled on installation by default. Compact internal representation of integer sequences. Added a new serialisation format to support compact internal representations. |
<-
, although =
can usually be used instead.[94]C
, Z
and X
.R is also the name of a popular programming language used by a growing number of data analysts inside corporations and academia. It is becoming their lingua franca...
R is also the name of a popular programming language used by a growing number of data analysts inside corporations and academia. It is becoming their lingua franca...
<-
[...] we recommend the consistent use of the preferred assignment operator ‘<-’ (rather than ‘=’) for assignment.
R | |
---|---|
R r | |
(See below) | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin script |
Type | Alphabetic and Logographic |
Language of origin | Latin language |
Phonetic usage | [r] [ɾ] [ɹ] [ʀ] [ʁ] [ʝ˞] (Table) (English variations) /ɑːr/ |
Unicode value | U+0052, U+0072 |
Alphabetical position | 18 |
History | |
Development | |
Time period | ~50 to present |
Descendants | • ℟ • ℞ • ® • Ɍ • ᚱ • ? • Ꭱ |
Sisters | Р ר ر ܪ ࠓ ? ? ረ Ռռ Րր ર र |
Variations | (See below) |
Other | |
Other letters commonly used with | r(x), rh |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
|
Egyptian hieroglyph tp (D1) | Phoenician Resh | Archaic Greek/Old Italic Rho | Roman square capital R | 15th century Florentine inscriptional capital | blackletter (Fraktur) | German kurrent | modern cursive (D'Nealian 1978) |
Alveolar trill[r] | Listen | some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, standard Dutch, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Slovak, Swedish, Sundanese, Welsh; also Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨rr⟩ |
Alveolar approximant[ɹ] | Listen | English (most varieties), Dutch in some Dutch dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian |
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap[ɾ] | Listen | Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨r⟩, Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Māori |
Voiced retroflex fricative[ʐ] | Listen | Norwegian around Tromsø; Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Hopi used before vowels, as in raana, 'toad', from Spanish rana; Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of Standard Chinese. |
Retroflex approximant[ɻ] | Listen | some English dialects (in the United States, South West England, and Dublin), Gutnish |
Retroflex flap[ɽ] | Listen | Norwegian when followed by <d>, sometimes in Scottish English |
Uvular trill[ʀ] | Listen | German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts, Venetian only in Venice area. |
Voiced uvular fricative[ʁ] | Listen | North Mesopotamian Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, standard Brazilian Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, Puerto Rican Spanish ⟨rr⟩ and 'r-' in western parts, Norwegian in western and southern parts. |
Notation | Quantity | Unit |
---|---|---|
R | electrical resistance | ohm (Ω) |
Ricci tensor | unitless | |
radiancy | ||
gas constant | joule per mole-kelvin (J/(mol·K)) | |
r | radius vector (position) | meter (m) |
r | radius of rotation or distance between two things such as the masses in Newton's law of universal gravitation | meter (m) |
Character | R | r | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 82 | U+0052 | 114 | U+0072 |
UTF-8 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
Numeric character reference | R | R | r | r |
EBCDIC family | 217 | D9 | 153 | 99 |
ASCII1 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Romeo | ·–· |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASLfingerspelling) | Braille dots-1235 |